Individualizing Instruction
Index
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Index
Key
Chapter
1
3-19
Chapter
6
77-93
Chapter
11
150-166
Course
Evaluation
196-201
Older
Learners
223-228
Learning
Environment
245-259
Chapter
2
20-34
Chapter
7
94-103
Chapter
12
167-178
Instructor
Evaluation
202-204
Pedagogy
to Andragogy
231-234
Chapter
3
35-48
Chapter
8
104-120
Common
Concerns
183-187
Learning
Activities
205-217
Self-Directed
Learning
235-238
Chapter
4
49-61
Chapter
9
121-132
Introduction
Techniques 188
Apprentice
Instructors
218-219
Learning
Style Differences
239-242
Chapter
5
62-73
Chapter
10
135-149
Needs
Assessment
189-195
Course
Development
220-222
Needs Assessment
Research
243-244
Activities. See Learning activities; Preplanning activities Adult, concepts of, 31
Adams, A., 236
Adult Education Association of the U.S.A., 246
Adult Education Research Conference, 235
Adult learners: ability of, and ownership, 67-68, 72-73; abuse of freedom by, 70-72; analysis of characteristics of, 20-34; autonomy of, 138; background on, 2021;
barriers for, 30-31; characteristics of, 32-33; comfort level of, 84; confidence building for, 185-86; control possibilities for, 12; emotional characteristics of, 2931; as
experience rich and theory poor, 50, 56-57; individualized instruction for, 1-73; initial contact with, 81-87; instructional process linked with, 5-6; introductory activities
for, 85-87, 188; involvement in needs assessment by, 95; with learning disabilities, 152-159; mental characteristics of, 21-26; needs and expectations of, 59-61; needs
assessment for, 94-103; older, 159-165, 223-228; ownership for, 63-73; physical characteristics of, 26-29; resistance from, 51-53, 57,71; role enlarged for, 10-11; self-
confidence of, 14-15; and shared responsibility,
62-73; social characteristics of, 31-34; special groups of, 150-166;
stimulating, 14-15
Advisory council, for needs assessment, 190
AEDNET (Adult EDucator's
NETwork), 145
Aiello, J. R., 253
Agency visits, learning from, 214, 215
Albers, J., 258
Alpaugh, P. K, 164
Altman, I., 253, 255
American Medical Association, 193
American Society for Training and Development, 173
Anderson, M. L., 233
Andragogy, research and theory on, 5, 231-234
Andrews, M., 256
Anthropometry, research and theory on, 248-250
Apps, J. W., 5, 37, 243
Arenberg, D., 160, 162, 163, 228
Aristotle, 236
Army Alpha test, 22
Ashcraft, N., 250, 253
Assessment, of learning ability, 22, 23. See
also Evaluation; Needs assessment
Athanasiou, R., 95
Atwood, H. M., 243
Autonomy, in nontraditional education, 138
Avakian, A. N., 106
Index
Key
Chapter
1
3-19
Chapter
6
77-93
Chapter
11
150-166
Course
Evaluation
196-201
Older
Learners
223-228
Learning
Environment
245-259
Chapter
2
20-34
Chapter
7
94-103
Chapter
12
167-178
Instructor
Evaluation
202-204
Pedagogy
to Andragogy
231-234
Chapter
3
35-48
Chapter
8
104-120
Common
Concerns
183-187
Learning
Activities
205-217
Self-Directed
Learning
235-238
Chapter
4
49-61
Chapter
9
121-132
Introduction
Techniques 188
Apprentice
Instructors
218-219
Learning
Style Differences
239-242
Chapter
5
62-73
Chapter
10
135-149
Needs
Assessment
189-195
Course
Development
220-222
Needs Assessment
Research
243-244
Bauer, B. A., 106
Baum, J., 218
Beach, R., 228
Becker, F., 248
Becker, J., 247
Bee, J., 248
Bennett, C., 249, 250, 258
Bennett, E. S., 228
Birdwhistell, R., 255
BITNET, 145
Birren, F., 258
Birren, J. E., 164
Blackwelder, J., 141
Blanchard-Fields, F., 226
Bolton, E. B., 162
Bonham, L. A., 72, 240
Boston University, and andragogy, 232
Botwinick, J., 23, 163
Brack, R. E., 122
Brackhaus, B., 243
Bradburn, N. M., 192
Brainstorming, for needs assessment, 189
Bramson, R. M., 241-242
Branton, P., 249
Brightman, S., 143
Brockett, R. G., 64, 66-67, 69, 105, 162, 224, 226, 228, 237
Brookfield, S. D., 11, 72, 73, 138, 233, 235, 238, 243
Broomall, J. K, 141
Brown, C., 49-50
Brown, D., 153
Brundage, D. H., 65
Buech, B. D., 23
Burgess, J. H., 250
Byrne, D., 254
Index
Key
Chapter
1
3-19
Chapter
6
77-93
Chapter
11
150-166
Course
Evaluation
196-201
Older
Learners
223-228
Learning
Environment
245-259
Chapter
2
20-34
Chapter
7
94-103
Chapter
12
167-178
Instructor
Evaluation
202-204
Pedagogy
to Andragogy
231-234
Chapter
3
35-48
Chapter
8
104-120
Common
Concerns
183-187
Learning
Activities
205-217
Self-Directed
Learning
235-238
Chapter
4
49-61
Chapter
9
121-132
Introduction
Techniques 188
Apprentice
Instructors
218-219
Learning
Style Differences
239-242
Chapter
5
62-73
Chapter
10
135-149
Needs
Assessment
189-195
Course
Development
220-222
Needs Assessment
Research
243-244
Cabell, H. W.,
141
Cadwallader, C., 236
Caffarella, E. P., 107
Caffarella, R. S., 66, 106, 107, 237, 238
Calhoun, R. D., 164
Camp, C. J., 225
Canestrari, R. E., Jr., 163
Canfield, A. A., 239, 240
Canter, D., 251, 253
Carpenter, W. L., 162
Carrier, C. A., 159
Cattell, R. B., 24
Caudill, W. W., 257
Cavanaugh, J. C., 225
Centra, J. A., 18
Cervero, R. M., 125
Chairs, research on, 248-250
Chamberland, J., 31-32
Charles, D. C., 228
Chene, A., 138
Cheren, M., 244
Chicago, University of, and self-directed learning, 236-237
Chickering, A. W., 106-107
China, evaluation in ancient, 122
Chiodo, A., 254
Christensen, R. S., 211, 212
Clark, C. H., 189
Clark, H. E., 246
Clayton, V., 25
Clearinghouse on Adult Education, 155
Cleaves, A., 189
Cohen, A. M., 15
Cole, J. W., 14, 243
Commission of Professors of Adult Education, 235
Community resources, for learning activities, 214-216
Community studies, learning from, 216
Competency requirements, planning for, 79-80, 90
Computers: and learning disabilities, 159; in nontraditional
education, 142, 144-148
Conrad, H. S., 22, 23
Consultants, for needs assessment, 190-191
Content analysis, for needs assessent, 192 Contracts. See Learning contracts
Conti, G. J., 239
Cooper, S. S., 11
Council of Educational Facility Planners International, 247-248,
250
Council on Exceptional Children, 157
Counseling role, 68-70
Courses: evaluation of, 130-132, 196-201; graduate, 220-222
Craik, F.I.M., 225
Critical incidents, for needs assessment, 192-193
Croney, J., 249, 258
Cropley, A. J., 10
Cross, K. P., 5, 18,27,28,29, 30, 228, 237
Cunningham, P. M., 65, 95
Cunningham, W. R., 25
Index
Key
Chapter
1
3-19
Chapter
6
77-93
Chapter
11
150-166
Course
Evaluation
196-201
Older
Learners
223-228
Learning
Environment
245-259
Chapter
2
20-34
Chapter
7
94-103
Chapter
12
167-178
Instructor
Evaluation
202-204
Pedagogy
to Andragogy
231-234
Chapter
3
35-48
Chapter
8
104-120
Common
Concerns
183-187
Learning
Activities
205-217
Self-Directed
Learning
235-238
Chapter
4
49-61
Chapter
9
121-132
Introduction
Techniques 188
Apprentice
Instructors
218-219
Learning
Style Differences
239-242
Chapter
5
62-73
Chapter
10
135-149
Needs
Assessment
189-195
Course
Development
220-222
Needs Assessment
Research
243-244
Daily, A., 155
Daloz, L. A., 5
Damon, A., 249
Daniels, J., 2, 3-4, 30, 31-32
Darkenwald, G. G., 22, 26
Davenport, J. A., 233
Davenport, J., 233
Davis, B.R.H., 142
Davis, R. H., 225
Dean, G. J., 69
Debates, learning activities in, 214
Delbecq, A., 189
Deverone, J., 82-83
Dewey, J., 9
Diagnostic Form, 98-99, 191
Diary, as learning activity, 211-212
Dickinson, G., 40, 41-42
Disabilities, learning, 152-159, 165, 166
DiSilvestro, F. R., 69
Distance learning. See Nontraditional
education
DiVesta, F. J., 162
Division of Adult Education, 155
Dorsey, O. L., 239
Draves, W. A, 21
Dressel, P. L., 139
Drummond, D., 62-63
Dunn, K., 239
Dunn, R, 239
Index
Key
Chapter
1
3-19
Chapter
6
77-93
Chapter
11
150-166
Course
Evaluation
196-201
Older
Learners
223-228
Learning
Environment
245-259
Chapter
2
20-34
Chapter
7
94-103
Chapter
12
167-178
Instructor
Evaluation
202-204
Pedagogy
to Andragogy
231-234
Chapter
3
35-48
Chapter
8
104-120
Common
Concerns
183-187
Learning
Activities
205-217
Self-Directed
Learning
235-238
Chapter
4
49-61
Chapter
9
121-132
Introduction
Techniques 188
Apprentice
Instructors
218-219
Learning
Style Differences
239-242
Chapter
5
62-73
Chapter
10
135-149
Needs
Assessment
189-195
Course
Development
220-222
Needs Assessment
Research
243-244
Eble, K. E., 36
Eclecticism, and adult learning, 10
Eden, D. Z., 225, 227
Edney, J., 253
Educational Facilities Laboratories 247'
Educational Orientation Questionnaire, 218
Eisdorfer, C., 163
Eklund, S. J., 228
Elbow, P., 206
Elias, J. L., 9, 10
Elias, J. W., 164
Empire State College, learning contracts at, 105
Empowerment, in nontraditional education, 149
Entwistle, N., 239
Environment, physical: and anthropometry, 248-250; checklist for, 85,172; creating, 81-88; and ergonomics, 250-252; future of, 177; impact of, 245-248; informal, 87-88;
for initial contact, 81-87; and introductory activities, 85-87, 188; issues of, 259; in model, 46, 81-88, 169-170; monitoring, 83-84; and proxemics, 252-256; research and
theory for, 245-259; and room arrangements, 82-83;
and synaesthetics, 256-259
Ergonomics, research and theory on, 250-252
Ericksen, S. C., 36, 37, 40
Essentialism, and adult learning, 8, 9
Estrin, H. R., 228
Europe: andragogy in, 5, 233; and international computer network, 145; pedagogy
in, 231
Evaluation: aspects of, 121-132; background on, 121-122; checklist for, 173; and computer conferencing, 148; concepts of, 122-125; of courses, 130-132, 196-201; goals
and objectives related to, 125; and grading and testing, 126-128; informal, 129-130; of instructors, 202-204; and learner assessment, 128-132; of learner outcomes, 93;
in learning contracts, 111-112; in model, 47, 93, 170; for older adults,
163, 223-224; summative and formative, 123-124, 127-128, 130-132;
techniques for, 128-130
Evans, N., 4
Eysenck, M. W., 163, 164
Index
Key
Chapter
1
3-19
Chapter
6
77-93
Chapter
11
150-166
Course
Evaluation
196-201
Older
Learners
223-228
Learning
Environment
245-259
Chapter
2
20-34
Chapter
7
94-103
Chapter
12
167-178
Instructor
Evaluation
202-204
Pedagogy
to Andragogy
231-234
Chapter
3
35-48
Chapter
8
104-120
Common
Concerns
183-187
Learning
Activities
205-217
Self-Directed
Learning
235-238
Chapter
4
49-61
Chapter
9
121-132
Introduction
Techniques 188
Apprentice
Instructors
218-219
Learning
Style Differences
239-242
Chapter
5
62-73
Chapter
10
135-149
Needs
Assessment
189-195
Course
Development
220-222
Needs Assessment
Research
243-244
Facilitative role: attitudes toward, 13; and content expertise, 66-67; evaluation of, 132; impact of, 11, 16-17; and older adults, 226; and open instructional strategy, 42; and
stimulation for learners, 14-15
Farbstein, J., 251
Feedback: and evaluation, 93, 124; and instructional plan, 90-91; on learning
contracts, 112-113; role of, 55-56
Fettgather, R., 156
Field, L., 237
Fisher, J. C., 160, 226
Fisher, J. D., 254
Florini, B. M., 142
Fluke, D. W., 158n
Foley, R., 239
Fowles, D. G., 159
Fox, R. D., 239
Fozard, J. L., 26
Frank, 35-36
Franklin, B., 236
Franz, J. B., 225
Freeman, J., 150-151
Freire, P., 243
Freund, J. S., 163, 223
Fulton, R. D., 247, 248
Index
Key
Chapter
1
3-19
Chapter
6
77-93
Chapter
11
150-166
Course
Evaluation
196-201
Older
Learners
223-228
Learning
Environment
245-259
Chapter
2
20-34
Chapter
7
94-103
Chapter
12
167-178
Instructor
Evaluation
202-204
Pedagogy
to Andragogy
231-234
Chapter
3
35-48
Chapter
8
104-120
Common
Concerns
183-187
Learning
Activities
205-217
Self-Directed
Learning
235-238
Chapter
4
49-61
Chapter
9
121-132
Introduction
Techniques 188
Apprentice
Instructors
218-219
Learning
Style Differences
239-242
Chapter
5
62-73
Chapter
10
135-149
Needs
Assessment
189-195
Course
Development
220-222
Needs Assessment
Research
243-244
Gagne, R., 40
Galbraith, M. W., 225, 228, 239
Games, for needs assessment, 189, 190
General Educational Development, 32
George Washington University, and learning disabilities, 155
George, L., 224
Germany, and andragogy, 233
Gibbons, M., 237
Giordano, O. C., 256
Givens, R., 135-136
Glass, J. C., Jr., 14, 243
Glynn, S. M., 225, 226
Goldberg, J. C., 68
Gonda, J., 164, 225
Goodman, M., 27, 160
Goodrow, B. A., 226
GooIer, D. D., 141
Gordon, R. D., 224, 225, 226-227, 228
Gorman, L., 163, 223, 224, 226
Goulet, L. R., 162
Gounard, B. R., 164, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227,
228
Grades: criterion-referenced, 126, 127; and learning contracts, 109, 116-117; negotiating, 127-128
Graduate courses, developing, 220, 222
Graduate Record Examination, 122
Graney, M. J., 228
Grant, G., 66
Grasha, A. F., 239
Greece, evaluation in ancient, 122
Gregorc, A. F., 239, 240
Griffin, C., 5, 232
Gross, R., 10, 65, 137, 138, 140, 211
Grossman, J. L., 163, 224
Group interactions, for needs assessment, 189-190
Group learning activities, 212-214
Group size, for adult students, 59, 164
Guglielmino, L. M., 95, 237
Guglielmino, P. J., 237
Guttman, R., 163
Index
Key
Chapter
1
3-19
Chapter
6
77-93
Chapter
11
150-166
Course
Evaluation
196-201
Older
Learners
223-228
Learning
Environment
245-259
Chapter
2
20-34
Chapter
7
94-103
Chapter
12
167-178
Instructor
Evaluation
202-204
Pedagogy
to Andragogy
231-234
Chapter
3
35-48
Chapter
8
104-120
Common
Concerns
183-187
Learning
Activities
205-217
Self-Directed
Learning
235-238
Chapter
4
49-61
Chapter
9
121-132
Introduction
Techniques 188
Apprentice
Instructors
218-219
Learning
Style Differences
239-242
Chapter
5
62-73
Chapter
10
135-149
Needs
Assessment
189-195
Course
Development
220-222
Needs Assessment
Research
243-244
Haase, A.M.B., 228
Haber, G. M., 253
Hadley, H. N., 218
Hall, K, 248, 252, 253, 254
Hammond, G., 151, 159
Hansen, M. D., 164
Harasim, L. M., 142
Harrison, A. F., 241-242
Hauwiller, J. G., 160
Haverkamp, K. K., 105
Havighurst, R. J., 31, 227
Hayes, M., 121-122
Hays, W. C., 228
Hayslip, B., Jr., 163, 228
Head, K. B., 95
Health, of adult learners, 29
Hearing: of adult learners, 28; and instructional needs, 161
Hebert, J. P., Jr., 152-153
Heimsath, C., 251
Heisel, M. A., 225
Henley, N. M., 253, 258
Henry, N. J., 223, 228
Herzog, R., 224
Hiemstra, R., 10, 11, 12n, 15, 27, 64, 67, 71, 95, 105, 139, 142, 159, 160,
162, 164, 190, 194, 215, 216, 218, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 236, 237, 238,
243, 245n, 246, 247
Highet, G., 36
Hixson, L. E., 224, 226
Holsti, O. R., 192
Holtzclaw, L. R., 239
Hopkins, K. D., 194
Horn, J. L., 24
Horn, R. K, 189
Houle, C. O., 236-237
Hounsell, D., 239
Hruska, S. R., 239
Huchingson, R. D., 249, 250, 251, 258
Hulicka, I. M., 163, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227,
228
Hultsch, D. F., 164, 225
Hungary, andragogy in, 233
Hunsaker, H. C., 246
Hyman, H., 195
Index
Key
Chapter
1
3-19
Chapter
6
77-93
Chapter
11
150-166
Course
Evaluation
196-201
Older
Learners
223-228
Learning
Environment
245-259
Chapter
2
20-34
Chapter
7
94-103
Chapter
12
167-178
Instructor
Evaluation
202-204
Pedagogy
to Andragogy
231-234
Chapter 3 35-48 Chapter 8 104-120 Common Conc